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index.feed.received.yesterday — 6 avril 2025

I can’t delete WhatsApp’s new AI tool. But I’ll use it over my dead body | Polly Hudson

6 avril 2025 à 15:00

The blue-and-purple hoop is supposedly there to answer questions that arise in chats, but it’s a slippery slope from providing bus times to annihilating the human race

There are five stages of grief, but only two stages of discovering the little Meta AI circle on your WhatsApp screen. Fear, then fury.

When I first saw the small blue-and-purple hoop last week, I was terrified that it meant I was now livestreaming my life to the entire metaverse, something I presumed I had agreed to when accepting but (of course) not reading the terms and conditions. As the saying goes, if you’re not paying for the product, you are the product.

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© Illustration: Igor Sarozhkov/Alamy Stock Vector

© Illustration: Igor Sarozhkov/Alamy Stock Vector

index.feed.received.before_yesterday

US authors’ copyright lawsuits against OpenAI and Microsoft combined in New York with newspaper actions

4 avril 2025 à 14:46

California cases over AI trainers’ use of work by writers including Ta-Nehisi Coates and Michael Chabon transferred to consolidate with New York suits from John Grisham and Jonathan Franzen and more

Twelve US copyright cases against OpenAI and Microsoft have been consolidated in New York, despite most of the authors and news outlets suing the companies being opposed to centralisation.

A transfer order made by the US judicial panel on multidistrict litigation on Thursday said that centralisation will “allow a single judge to coordinate discovery, streamline pretrial proceedings, and eliminate inconsistent rulings”.

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© Photograph: Dado Ruvić/Reuters

© Photograph: Dado Ruvić/Reuters

Operating system for quantum networks is a first

3 avril 2025 à 15:08

Researchers in the Netherlands, Austria, and France have created what they describe as the first operating system for networking quantum computers. Called QNodeOS, the system was developed by a team led by Stephanie Wehner at Delft University of Technology. The system has been tested using several different types of quantum processor and it could help boost the accessibility of quantum computing for people without an expert knowledge of the field.

In the 1960s, the development of early operating systems such as OS/360 and UNIX  represented a major leap forward in computing. By providing a level of abstraction in its user interface, an operating system enables users to program and run applications, without having to worry about how to reconfigure the transistors in the computer processors. This advance laid the groundwork for the many of the digital technologies that have revolutionized our lives.

“If you needed to directly program the chip installed in your computer in order to use it, modern information technologies would not exist,” Wehner explains. “As such, the ability to program and run applications without needing to know what the chip even is has been key in making networks like the Internet actually useful.”

Quantum and classical

The users of nascent quantum computers would also benefit from an operating system that allows quantum (and classical) computers to be connected in networks. Not least because most people are not familiar with the intricacies of quantum information processing.

However, quantum computers are fundamentally different from their classical counterparts, and this means a host of new challenges faces those developing network operating systems.

“These include the need to execute hybrid classical–quantum programs, merging high-level classical processing (such as sending messages over a network) with quantum operations (such as executing gates or generating entanglement),” Wehner explains.

Within these hybrid programs, quantum computing resources would only be used when specifically required. Otherwise, routine computations would be offloaded to classical systems, making it significantly easier for developers to program and run their applications.

No standardized architecture

In addition, Wehner’s team considered that, unlike the transistor circuits used in classical systems, quantum operations currently lack a standardized architecture – and can be carried out using many different types of qubits.

Wehner’s team addressed these design challenges by creating a QNodeOS, which is a hybridized network operating system. It combines classical and quantum “blocks”, that provide users with a platform for performing quantum operations.

“We implemented this architecture in a software system, and demonstrated that it can work with different types of quantum hardware,” Wehner explains. The qubit-types used by the team included the electronic spin states of nitrogen–vacancy defects in diamond and the energy levels of individual trapped ions.

Multi-tasking operation

“We also showed how QNodeOS can perform advanced functions such as multi-tasking. This involved the concurrent execution of several programs at once, including compilers and scheduling algorithms.”

QNodeOS is still a long way from having the same impact as UNIX and other early operating systems. However, Wehner’s team is confident that QNodeOS will accelerate the development of future quantum networks.

“It will allow for easier software development, including the ability to develop new applications for a quantum Internet,” she says. “This could open the door to a new area of quantum computer science research.”

The research is described in Nature.

The post Operating system for quantum networks is a first appeared first on Physics World.

‘Meta has stolen books’: authors to protest in London against AI trained using ‘shadow library’

3 avril 2025 à 09:00

Writers will gather at the Facebook owner’s King’s Cross office in opposition to its use of the LibGen database to train its AI models

Authors and other publishing industry professionals will stage a demonstration outside Meta’s London office today in protest of the organisation’s use of copyrighted books to train artificial intelligence.

Novelists Kate Mosse and Tracy Chevalier as well as poet and former Royal Society of Literature chair Daljit Nagra will be among those in attendance outside the company’s King’s Cross office.

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© Photograph: REUTERS/Manuel Orbegozo

© Photograph: REUTERS/Manuel Orbegozo

OpenAI raises $40bn in deal with SoftBank that values it at $300bn

1 avril 2025 à 15:32

Japanese investor to put $10bn at first into OpenAI and $30bn more by end of 2025 if certain conditions are met

OpenAI has raised $40bn (£31bn) through fundraising led by the Japanese group SoftBank, in a deal that values the ChatGPT developer at $300bn.

OpenAI said the funding round would allow the company to “push the frontiers of AI research even further”. It added that SoftBank’s support would “pave the way” towards AGI, or artificial general intelligence, the term for AI systems that can match or exceed humans at nearly all cognitive tasks.

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© Photograph: The Asahi Shimbun/Getty Images

© Photograph: The Asahi Shimbun/Getty Images

Authors call for UK government to hold Meta accountable for copyright infringement

31 mars 2025 à 14:40

‘I am a crime writer, I understand theft,’ said Val McDermid – joining Richard Osman, Kazuo Ishiguro and Kate Mosse in their appeal to Lisa Nandy to act on their behalf

A group of prominent authors including Richard Osman, Kazuo Ishiguro, Kate Mosse and Val McDermid have signed an open letter calling on the UK government to hold Meta accountable over its use of copyrighted books to train artificial intelligence.

The letter asked Lisa Nandy, the secretary of state for culture, media and sport, to summon Meta senior executives to parliament.

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© Composite: Jay Brooks, PR

© Composite: Jay Brooks, PR

5G et Technologies Immersives – Nokia / Laval Virtual 2019

Dans le cas de la réalité augmentée, les utilisateurs pourront télécharger en 5G les maps 3D traitées en temps réel depuis des infrastructure Edge Computing. D’autre part, les informations associées à ces Maps 3D proviendront d’une source de données plus éloignée : le cloud.

L’article 5G et Technologies Immersives – Nokia / Laval Virtual 2019 est apparu en premier sur Réalité Augmentée - Augmented Reality.

Microsoft’s Chetan Nayak on topological qubits, the physics of bigger splashes

27 mars 2025 à 15:55

Last week I had the pleasure of attending the Global Physics Summit (GPS) in Anaheim California, where I rubbed shoulders with 15,0000 fellow physicists. The best part of being there was chatting with lots of different people, and in this podcast I share two of those conversations.

First up is Chetan Nayak, who is a senior researcher at Microsoft’s Station Q quantum computing research centre here in California. In February, Nayak and colleagues claimed a breakthrough in the development of topological quantum bits (qubits) based on Majorana zero modes. In principle, such qubits could enable the development of practical quantum computers, but not all physicists were convinced, and the announcement remains controversial – despite further results presented by Nayak in a packed session at the GPS.

I caught up with Nayak after his talk and asked him about the challenges of achieving Microsoft’s goal of a superconductor-based topological qubit. That conversation is the first segment of today’s podcast.

Distinctive jumping technique

Up next, I chat with Atharva Lele about the physics of manu jumping, which is a competitive aquatic sport that originates from the Māori and Pasifika peoples of New Zealand. Jumpers are judged by the height of their splash when they enter the water, and the best competitors use a very distinctive technique.

Lele is an undergraduate student at the Georgia Institute of Technology in the US, and is part of team that analysed manu techniques in a series of clever experiments that included plunging robots. He explains how to make a winning manu jump while avoiding the pain of a belly flop.

This article forms part of Physics World‘s contribution to the 2025 International Year of Quantum Science and Technology (IYQ), which aims to raise global awareness of quantum physics and its applications.

Stayed tuned to Physics World and our international partners throughout the next 12 months for more coverage of the IYQ.

Find out more on our quantum channel.

The post Microsoft’s Chetan Nayak on topological qubits, the physics of bigger splashes appeared first on Physics World.

Quantum computers extend lead over classical machines in random circuit sampling

25 mars 2025 à 17:41

Researchers in China have unveiled a 105-qubit quantum processor that can solve in minutes a quantum computation problem that would take billions of years using the world’s most powerful classical supercomputers. The result sets a new benchmark for claims of so-called “quantum advantage”, though some previous claims have faded after classical algorithms improved.

The fundamental promise of quantum computation is that it will reduce the computational resources required to solve certain problems. More precisely, it promises to reduce the rate at which resource requirements grow as problems become more complex. Evidence that a quantum computer can solve a problem faster than a classical computer – quantum advantage – is therefore a key measure of success.

The first claim of quantum advantage came in 2019, when researchers at Google reported that their 53-qubit Sycamore processor had solved a problem known as random circuit sampling (RCS) in just 200 seconds. Xiaobu Zhu, a physicist at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in Hefei who co-led the latest work, describes RCS as follows: “First, you initialize all the qubits, then you run them in single-qubit and two-qubit gates and finally you read them out,” he says. “Since this process includes every key element of quantum computing, such as initializing the gate operations and readout, unless you have really good fidelity at each step you cannot demonstrate quantum advantage.”

At the time, the Google team claimed that the best supercomputers would take 10::000 years to solve this problem. However, subsequent improvements to classical algorithms reduced this to less than 15 seconds. This pattern has continued ever since, with experimentalists pushing quantum computing forward even as information theorists make quantum advantage harder to achieve by improving techniques used to simulate quantum algorithms on classical computers.

Recent claims of quantum advantage

In October 2024, Google researchers announced that their 67-qubit Sycamore processor had solved an RCS problem that would take an estimated 3600 years for the Frontier supercomputer at the US’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory to complete. In the latest work, published in Physical Review Letters, Jian-Wei Pan, Zhu and colleagues set the bar even higher. They show that their new Zuchongzhi 3.0 processor can complete in minutes an RCS calculation that they estimate would take Frontier billions of years using the best classical algorithms currently available.

To achieve this, they redesigned the readout circuit of their earlier Zuchongzhi processor to improve its efficiency, modified the structures of the qubits to increase their coherence times and increased the total number of superconducting qubits to 105. “We really upgraded every aspect and some parts of it were redesigned,” Zhu says.

Google’s latest processor, Willow, also uses 105 superconducting qubits, and in December 2024 researchers there announced that they had used it to demonstrate quantum error correction. This achievement, together with complementary advances in Rydberg atom qubits from Harvard University’s Mikhail Lukin and colleagues, was named Physics World’s Breakthrough of the Year in 2024. However, Zhu notes that Google has not yet produced any peer-reviewed research on using Willow for RCS, making it hard to compare the two systems directly.

The USTC team now plans to demonstrate quantum error correction on Zuchongzhi 3.0. This will involve using an error correction code such as the surface code to combine multiple physical qubits into a single “logical qubit” that is robust to errors.  “The requirements for error-correction readout are much more difficult than for RCS,” Zhu notes. “RCS only needs one readout, whereas error-correction needs readout many times with very short readout times…Nevertheless, RCS can be a benchmark to show we have the tools to run the surface code. I hope that, in my lab, within a few months we can demonstrate a good-quality error correction code.”

“How progress gets made”

Quantum information theorist Bill Fefferman of the University of Chicago in the US praises the USTC team’s work, describing it as “how progress gets made”. However, he offers two caveats. The first is that recent demonstrations of quantum advantage do not have efficient classical verification schemes – meaning, in effect, that classical computers cannot check the quantum computer’s work. While the USTC researchers simulated a smaller problem on both classical and quantum computers and checked that the answers matched, Fefferman doesn’t think this is sufficient. “With the current experiments, at the moment you can’t simulate it efficiently, the verification doesn’t work anymore,” he says.

The second caveat is that the rigorous hardness arguments proving that the classical computational power needed to solve an RCS problem grows exponentially with the problem’s complexity apply only to situations with no noise. This is far from the case in today’s quantum computers, and Fefferman says this loophole has been exploited in many past quantum advantage experiments.

Still, he is upbeat about the field’s prospects. “The fact that the original estimates the experimentalists gave did not match some future algorithm’s performance is not a failure: I see that as progress on all fronts,” he says. “The theorists are learning more and more about how these systems work and improving their simulation algorithms and, based on that, the experimentalists are making their systems better and better.”

The post Quantum computers extend lead over classical machines in random circuit sampling appeared first on Physics World.

D-Wave Systems claims quantum advantage, but some physicists are not convinced

24 mars 2025 à 19:59

D-Wave Systems has used quantum annealing to do simulations of quantum magnetic phase transitions. The company claims that some of their calculations would be beyond the capabilities of the most powerful conventional (classical) computers – an achievement referred to as quantum advantage. This would mark the first time quantum computers had achieved such a feat for a practical physics problem.

However, the claim has been challenged by two independent groups of researchers in Switzerland and the US, who have published papers on the arXiv preprint server that report that similar calculations could be done using classical computers. D-Wave’s experts believe these classical results fall well short of the company’s own accomplishments, and some independent experts agree with D-Wave.

While most companies trying to build practical quantum computers are developing “universal” or “gate model” quantum systems, US-based D-Wave has principally focused on quantum annealing devices. While such systems are less programmable than gate model systems, the approach has allowed D-Wave to build machines with many more quantum bits (qubits) than any of its competitors. Whereas researchers at Google Quantum AI and researchers in China have, independently, recently unveiled 105-qubit universal quantum processors, some of D-Wave’s have more than 5000 qubits. Moreover, D-Wave’s systems are already in practical use, with hardware owned by the Japanese mobile phone company NTT Docomo being used to optimize cell tower operations. Systems are also being used for network optimization at motor companies, food producers and elsewhere.

Trevor Lanting, the chief development officer at D-Wave, explains the central principles behind  quantum-annealing computation: “You have a network of qubits with programmable couplings and weights between those devices and then you program in a certain configuration – a certain bias on all of the connections in the annealing processor,” he says. The quantum annealing algorithm places the system in a superposition of all possible states of the system. When the couplings are slowly switched off, the system settles into its most energetically favoured state – which is the desired solution.

Quantum hiking

Lanting compares this to a hiker in the mountains searching for the lowest point on a landscape: “As a classical hiker all you can really do is start going downhill until you get to a minimum, he explains; “The problem is that, because you’re not doing a global search, you could get stuck in a local valley that isn’t at the minimum elevation.” By starting out in a quantum superposition of all possible states (or locations in the mountains), however, quantum annealing is able to find the global potential minimum.

In the new work, researchers at D-Wave and elsewhere set out to show that their machines could use quantum annealing to solve practical physics problems beyond the reach of classical computers. The researchers used two different 1200-qubit processors to model magnetic quantum phase transitions. This is a similar problem to one studied in gate-model systems by researchers at Google and Harvard University in independent work announced in February.

“When water freezes into ice, you can sometimes see patterns in the ice crystal, and this is a result of the dynamics of the phase transition,” explains Andrew King, who is senior distinguished scientist at D-Wave and the lead author of a paper describing the work. “The experiments that we’re demonstrating shed light on a quantum analogue of this phenomenon taking place in a magnetic material that has been programmed into our quantum processors and a phase transition driven by a magnetic field.” Understanding such phase transitions are important in the discovery and design of new magnetic materials.

Quantum versus classical

The researchers studied multiple configurations, comprising ever-more spins arranged in ever-more complex lattice structures. The company says that its system performed the most complex simulation in minutes. They also ascertained how long it would take to do the simulations using several leading classical computation techniques, including neural network methods, and how the time to achieve a solution grew with the complexity of the problem. Based on this, they extrapolated that the most complex lattices would require almost a million years on Frontier, which is one of the world’s most powerful supercomputers.

However, two independent groups – one at EPFL in Switzerland and one at the Flatiron Institute in the US – have posted papers on the arXiv preprint server claiming to have done some of the less complex calculations using classical computers. They argue that their results should scale simply to larger sizes; the implication being that classical computers could solve the more complicated problems addressed by D-Wave.

King has a simple response: “You don’t just need to do the easy simulations, you need to do the hard ones as well, and nobody has demonstrated that.” Lanting adds that “I see this as a healthy back and forth between quantum and classical methods, but I really think that, with these results, we’re pulling ahead of classical methods on the biggest scales we can calculate”.

Very interesting work

Frank Verstraete of the University of Cambridge is unsurprised by some scientists’ scepticism. “D-Wave have historically been the absolute champions at overselling what they did,” he says. “But now it seems they’re doing something nobody else can reproduce, and in that sense it’s very interesting.” He does note, however, that the specific problem chosen is not, in his view an interesting one from a physics perspective, and has been chosen purely to be difficult for a classical computer.

Daniel Lidar of the University of Southern California, who has previously collaborated with D-Wave on similar problems but was not involved in the current work, says “I do think this is quite the breakthrough…The ability to anneal very fast on the timescales of the coherence times of the qubits has now become possible, and that’s really a game changer here.” He concludes that “the arms race is destined to continue between quantum and classical simulations, and because, in all likelihood, these are problems that are extremely hard classically, I think the quantum win is going to become more and more indisputable.”

The D-Wave research is described in Science. The Flatiron Institute preprint is by Joseph Tindall and colleagues, and the EPFL preprint is by Linda Mauron and Giuseppe Carleo.

The post D-Wave Systems claims quantum advantage, but some physicists are not convinced appeared first on Physics World.

Cat qubits open a faster track to fault-tolerant quantum computing

10 mars 2025 à 10:30

Researchers from the Amazon Web Services (AWS) Center for Quantum Computing have announced what they describe as a “breakthrough” in quantum error correction. Their method uses so-called cat qubits to reduce the total number of qubits required to build a large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computer, and they claim it could shorten the time required to develop such machines by up to five years.

Quantum computers are promising candidates for solving complex problems that today’s classical computers cannot handle. Their main drawback is the tendency for errors to crop up in the quantum bits, or qubits, they use to perform computations. Just like classical bits, the states of qubits can erroneously flip from 0 to 1, which is known as a bit-flip error. In addition, qubits can suffer from inadvertent changes to their phase, which is a parameter that characterizes their quantum superposition (phase-flip errors). A further complication is that whereas classical bits can be copied in order to detect and correct errors, the quantum nature of qubits makes copying impossible. Hence, errors need to be dealt with in other ways.

One error-correction scheme involves building physical or “measurement” qubits around each logical or “data” qubit. The job of the measurement qubits is to detect phase-flip or bit-flip errors in the data qubits without destroying their quantum nature. In 2024, a team at Google Quantum AI showed that this approach is scalable in a system of a few dozen qubits. However, a truly powerful quantum computer would require around a million data qubits and an even larger number of measurement qubits.

Cat qubits to the rescue

The AWS researchers showed that it is possible reduce this total number of qubits. They did this by using a special type of qubit called a cat qubit. Named after the Schrödinger’s cat thought that illustrates the concept of quantum superposition, cat qubits use the superposition of coherent states to encode information in a way that resists bit flips. Doing so may increase the number of phase-flip errors, but special error-correction algorithms can deal with these efficiently.

The AWS team got this result by building a microchip containing an array of five cat qubits. These are connected to four transmon qubits, which are a type of superconducting qubit with a reduced sensitivity to charge noise (a major source of errors in quantum computations). Here, the cat qubits serve as data qubits, while the transmon qubits measure and correct phase-flip errors. The cat qubits were further stabilized by connecting each of them to a buffer mode that uses a non-linear process called two-photon dissipation to ensure that their noise bias is maintained over time.

According to Harry Putterman, a senior research scientist at AWS, the team’s foremost challenge (and innovation) was to ensure that the system did not introduce too many bit-flip errors. This was important because the system uses a classical repetition code as its “outer layer” of error correction, which left it with no redundancy against residual bit flips. With this aspect under control, the researchers demonstrated that their superconducting quantum circuit suppressed errors from 1.75% per cycle for a three-cat qubit array to 1.65% per cycle for a five-cat qubit array. Achieving this degree of error suppression with larger error-correcting codes previously required tens of additional qubits.

On a scalable path

AWS’s director of quantum hardware, Oskar Painter, says the result will reduce the development time for a full-scale quantum computer by 3-5 years. This is, he says, a direct outcome of the system’s simple architecture as well as its 90% reduction in the “overhead” required for quantum error correction. The team does, however, need to reduce the error rates of the error-corrected logical qubits. “The two most important next steps towards building a fault-tolerant quantum computer at scale is that we need to scale up to several logical qubits and begin to perform and study logical operations at the logical qubit level,” Painter tells Physics World.

According to David Schlegel, a research scientist at the French quantum computing firm Alice & Bob, which specializes in cat qubits, this work marks the beginning of a shift from noisy, classically simulable quantum devices to fully error-corrected quantum chips. He says the AWS team’s most notable achievement is its clever hybrid arrangement of cat qubits for quantum information storage and traditional transmon qubits for error readout.

However, while Schlegel calls the research “innovative”, he says it is not without limitations. Because the AWS chip incorporates transmons, it still needs to address both bit-flip and phase-flip errors. “Other cat qubit approaches focus on completely eliminating bit flips, further reducing the qubit count by more than a factor of 10,” Schlegel says. “But it remains to be seen which approach will prove more effective and hardware-efficient for large-scale error-corrected quantum devices in the long run.”

The research is published in Nature.

The post Cat qubits open a faster track to fault-tolerant quantum computing appeared first on Physics World.

Quantum simulators deliver surprising insights into magnetic phase transitions

7 février 2025 à 15:31

Unexpected behaviour at phase transitions between classical and quantum magnetism has been observed in different quantum simulators operated by two independent groups. One investigation was led by researchers at Harvard University and used Rydberg atom as quantum bits (qubits). The other study was led by scientists at  Google Research and involved superconducting qubits. Both projects revealed unexpected deviations from the canonical mechanisms of magnetic freezing, with unexpected oscillations near the phase transition.

A classical magnetic material can be understood as a fluid mixture of magnetic domains that are oriented in opposite directions, with the domain walls in constant motion. As a strengthening magnetic field is applied to the system, the energy associated with a domain wall increases, so the magnetic domains themselves become larger and less mobile. At some point, when the magnetism becomes sufficiently strong, a quantum phase transition occurs, causing the magnetism of the material to become fixed and crystalline: “A good analogy is like water freezing,” says Mikhail Lukin of Harvard University.

The traditional quantitative model for these transitions is the Kibble–Zurek mechanism, which was first formulated to describe cosmological phase transitions in the early universe. It predicts that the dynamics of a system begin to “freeze” when the system gets so close to the transition point that the domains crystallize more quickly than they can come to equilibrium.

“There are some very good theories of various types of quantum phase transitions that have been developed,” says Lukin, “but typically these theories make some approximations. In many cases they’re fantastic approximations that allow you to get very good results, but they make some assumptions which may or may not be correct.”

Highly reconfigurable platform

In their work, Lukin and colleagues utilized a highly reconfigurable platform using Rydberg atom qubits. The system was pioneered by Lukin and others in 2016 to study a specific type of magnetic quantum phase transition in detail. They used a laser to simulate the effect of a magnetic field on the Rydberg atoms, and adjusted the laser frequency to tune the field strength.

The researchers found that, rather than simply becoming progressively larger and less mobile as the field strength increased (a phenomenon called coarsening), the domain sizes underwent unexpected oscillations around the phase transition.

“We were really quite puzzled,” says Lukin. “Eventually we figured out that this oscillation is a sign of a special type of excitation mode similar to the Higgs mode in high-energy physics. This is something we did not anticipate…That’s an example where doing quantum simulations on quantum devices really can lead to new discoveries.”

Meanwhile, the Google-led study used a new approach to quantum simulation with superconducting qubits. Such qubits have proved extremely successful and scalable because they use solid-state technology – and they are used in most of the world’s leading commercial quantum computers such as IBM’s Osprey and Google’s own Willow chips. Much of the previous work using such chips, however, has focused on sequential “digital” quantum logic in which one set of gates is activated only after the previous set has concluded. The long times needed for such calculations allows the effects of noise to accumulate, resulting in computational errors.

Hybrid approach

In the new work, the Google team developed a hybrid analogue–digital approach in which a digital universal quantum gate set was used to prepare well-defined input qubit states. They then switched the processor to analogue mode, using capacitive couplers to tune the interactions between the qubits. In this mode, all the qubits were allowed to operate on each other simultaneously, without the quantum logic being shoehorned into a linear set of gate operations. Finally, the researchers characterized the output by switching back to digital mode.

The researchers used a 69-qubit superconducting system to simulate a similar, but non-identical, magnetic quantum phase transition to that studied by Lukin’s group. They were also puzzled by similar unexpected behaviour in their system. The groups’ subsequently became aware of each other’s work, as Google Research’s Trond Anderson explains: “It’s very exciting to see consistent observations from the Lukin group. This not only provides supporting evidence, but also demonstrates that the phenomenon appears in several contexts, making it extra important to understand”.

Both groups are now seeking to push their research deeper into the exploration of complex many-body quantum physics. The Google group estimates that, to conduct its simulations of the highly entangled quantum states involved with the same level of experimental fidelity would take the US Department of Energy’s Frontier supercomputer – one of the world’s most powerful – more than a million years. The researchers now want to look at problems that are completely intractable classically, such as magnetic frustration. “The analogue–digital approach really combines the best of both worlds, and we’re very excited about this as a new promising direction towards making discoveries in systems that are too complex for classical computers,” says Anderson.

The Harvard researchers are also looking to push their system to study more and more complex quantum systems. “There are many interesting processes where dynamics – especially across a quantum phase transition – remains poorly understood,” says Lukin. “And it ranges from the science of complex quantum materials to systems in high-energy physics such as lattice gauge theories, which are notorious for being hard to simulate classically to the point where people literally give up…We want to apply these kinds of simulators to real open quantum problems and really use them to study the dynamics of these systems.”

The research is described in side-by-side papers in Nature. The Google paper is here and the Harvard paper here.

The post Quantum simulators deliver surprising insights into magnetic phase transitions appeared first on Physics World.

Introducing the Echo-5Q: a collaboration between FormFactor, Tabor Quantum Systems and QuantWare

5 février 2025 à 11:28

Watch this short video filmed at the APS March Meeting in 2024, where Mark Elo, chief marketing officer of Tabor Quantum Solutions, introduces the Echo-5Q, which he explains is an industry collaboration between FormFactor and Tabor Quantum Solutions, using the QuantWare quantum processing unit (QPU).

Elo points out that it is an out-of-the-box solution, allowing customers to order a full-stack system, including the software, refrigeration, control electronics and the actual QPU. With the Echo-5, it gets delivered and installed, so that the customer can start doing quantum measurements immediately. He explains that the Echo-5Q is designed at a price and feature point that increases the accessibility for on-site quantum computing.

Brandon Boiko, senior applications engineer with FormFactor, describes the how FormFactor developed the dilution refrigeration technology that the qubits get installed into. Boiko explains that the product has been designed to reduce the cost of entry into the quantum field – made accessible through FormFactor’s test-and- measurement programme, which allows people to bring their samples on site to take measurements.

Alessandro Bruno is founder and CEO of QuantWare, which provides the quantum processor for the Echo-5Q, the part that sits at the milli Kelvin stage of the dilution refrigerator, and that hosts five qubits. Bruno hopes that the Echo-5Q will democratize access to quantum devices – for education, academic research and start-ups.

The post Introducing the Echo-5Q: a collaboration between FormFactor, Tabor Quantum Systems and QuantWare appeared first on Physics World.

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