The Sun frequently ejects high-energy bursts of plasma that then travel through interplanetary space. These so-called coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are accompanied by strong magnetic fields, which, when they interact with the Earth’s atmosphere, can trigger solar storms that can severely damage satellite systems and power grids.

In the early days of the solar system, the Sun was far more active than it is today and ejected much bigger CMEs. These might have been energetic enough to affect our planet’s atmosphere and therefore influence how life emerged and evolved on Earth, according to some researchers.

Since it is impossible to study the early Sun, astronomers use proxies – that is, stars that resemble it. These “exo-suns” are young G-, K- and M-type stars and are far more active than our Sun is today. They frequently produce CMEs with energies far larger than the most energetic solar flares recorded in recent times, which might not only affect their planets’ atmospheres, but may also affect the chemistry on these planets.

Until now, direct observational evidence for eruptive CME-like phenomena on young solar analogues has been limited. This is because clear signatures of stellar eruptions are often masked by the brightness of their host stars and flares on these. Measurements of Doppler shifts in optical lines have allowed astronomers to detect a few possible stellar eruptions associated with giant superflares on a young solar analogue, but these detections have been limited to single-wavelength data at “low temperatures” of around 10⁴ K. Studies at higher temperatures have been few and far between. And although scientists have tried out promising techniques, such as X-ray and UV dimming, to advance their understanding of these “cool” stars, few simultaneous multi-wavelength observations have been made.

A large Carrington-class flare from EK Draconis

On 29 March 2024, astronomers at Kyoto University in Japan detected a large Carrington-class flare – or superflare – in the far-ultraviolet from EK Draconis, a G-type star located approximately 112 light-years away from the Sun. Thanks to simultaneous observations in the ultraviolet and optical ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum, they say they have now been able to obtain the first direct evidence for a multi-temperature CME from this young solar analogue (which is around 50 to 125 million years old and has a radius similar to the Sun).

The researchers’ campaign spanned four consecutive nights from 29 March to 1 April 2024. They made their ultraviolet observations with the Hubble Space Telescope and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and performed optical monitoring using three ground-based telescopes in Japan, Korea and the US.

They found that the far-ultraviolet and optical lines were Doppler shifted during and just before the superflare, with the ultraviolet observations showing blueshifted emission indicative of hot plasma. About 10 minutes later, the optical telescopes observed blueshifted absorption in the hydrogen Hα line, which indicates cooler gases. According to the team’s calculations, the hot plasma had a temperature of 100 000 K and was ejected at speeds of 300–550 km/s, while the “cooler” gas (with a temperature of 10 000 K) was ejected at 70 km/s.

“These findings imply that it is the hot plasma rather than the cool plasma that carries kinetic energy into planetary space,” explains study leader Kosuke Namekata. “The existence of this plasma suggests that such CMEs from our Sun in the past, if frequent and strong, could have driven shocks and energetic particles capable of eroding or chemically altering the atmosphere of the early Earth and the other planets in our solar system.”

“The discovery,” he tells Physics World, “provides the first observational link between solar and stellar eruptions, bridging stellar astrophysics, solar physics and planetary science.”

Looking forward, the researchers, who report their work in Nature Astronomy, now plan to conduct similar, multiwavelength campaigns on other young solar analogues to determine how frequently such eruptions occur and how they vary from star to star.

“In the near future, next-generation ultraviolet space telescopes such as JAXA’s LAPYUTA and NASA’s ESCAPADE, coordinated with ground-based facilities, will allow us to trace these events more systematically and understand their cumulative impact on planetary atmospheres,” says Namekata.

The post Plasma bursts from young stars could shed light on the early life of the Sun appeared first on Physics World.

Starlab Space has secured funding from an investment group as development of its proposed commercial space station reaches a critical phase.

The post Janus Henderson invests in Starlab Space appeared first on SpaceNews.

State-level mandates prompt changes and small acts of resistance at universities

A week after successfully launching and landing the current version of New Glenn, Blue Origin announced a series of upgrades to the vehicle.

The post Blue Origin announces New Glenn upgrade plans appeared first on SpaceNews.

Learn how scientists uncovered a second, overlooked lion roar — and why the finding could reshape efforts to track and protect the species.

Learn about a fossil site in Transylvania that contains hundreds of vertebrate remains and was once an island full of dwarf dinosaurs.

Learn how uncovering the biochemistry of a long-established blood pressure drug could make it eligible to treat brain tumors.

Learn how two new studies reveal surprising parallels between dogs’ ADHD-like behaviors and human attention patterns, and how sleep and training can help distractible dogs learn more effectively.

Science talks with two scientists about finding the beauty in nature’s mosaics

Wave of mass brutality accompanied the collapse of the first pan-European culture

Specialized hair cells pick electric currents induced by magnetism

NASA-funded planetary science institute previously scrubbed hundreds of records from its archive

Rocket Lab launched a payload for an undisclosed commercial customer Nov. 20, just hours after the company announced plans for the launch.

The post Electron launches confidential commercial satellite appeared first on SpaceNews.

Learn how scientists have used ultrasound technology to turn one of chocolate’s biggest waste products into a nutritionally-packed additive for honey.

Chief of Space Operations Gen. Chance Saltzman says work on the service’s “objective force” analysis is nearly complete, publication likely in 2026

The post Space Force roadmap set to define what the service needs and why appeared first on SpaceNews.

Astronomers have long puzzled over the cause of a mysterious “glow” of very high energy gamma radiation emanating from the centre of our galaxy. One possibility is that dark matter – the unknown substance thought to make up more than 25% of the universe’s mass – might be involved. Now, a team led by researchers at Germany’s Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP) says that a flattened rather than spherical distribution of dark matter could account for the glow’s properties, bringing us a step closer to solving the mystery.

Dark matter is believed to be responsible for holding galaxies together. However, since it does not interact with light or other electromagnetic radiation, it can only be detected through its gravitational effects. Hence, while astrophysical and cosmological evidence has confirmed its presence, its true nature remains one of the greatest mysteries in modern physics.

“It’s extremely consequential and we’re desperately thinking all the time of ideas as to how we could detect it,” says Joseph Silk, an astronomer at Johns Hopkins University in the US and the Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris and Sorbonne University in France who co-led this research together with the AIP’s Moorits Mihkel Muru. “Gamma rays, and specifically the excess light we’re observing at the centre of our galaxy, could be our first clue.”

Models might be too simple

The problem, Muru explains, is that the way scientists have usually modelled dark matter to account for the excess gamma-ray radiation in astronomical observations was highly simplified. “This, of course, made the calculations easier, but simplifications always fuzzy the details,” he says. “We showed that in this case, the details are important: we can’t model dark matter as a perfectly symmetrical cloud and instead have to take into account the asymmetry of the cloud.”

Muru adds that the team’s findings, which are detailed in Phys. Rev. Lett., provide a boost to the “dark matter annihilation” explanation of the excess radiation. According to the standard model of cosmology, all galaxies – including our own Milky Way – are nested inside huge haloes of dark matter. The density of this dark matter is highest at the centre, and while it primarily interacts through gravity, some models suggest that it could be made of massive, neutral elementary particles that are their own antimatter counterparts. In these dense regions, therefore, such dark matter species could be mutually annihilating, producing substantial amounts of radiation.

Pierre Salati, an emeritus professor at the Université Savoie Mont Blanc, France, who was not involved in this work, says that in these models, annihilation plays a crucial role in generating a dark matter component with an abundance that agrees with cosmological observations. “Big Bang nucleosynthesis sets stringent bounds on these models as a result of the overall concordance between the predicted elemental abundances and measurements, although most models do survive,” Salati says. “One of the most exciting aspects of such explanations is that dark matter species might be detected through the rare antimatter particles – antiprotons, positrons and anti-deuterons – that they produce as they currently annihilate inside galactic halos.”

Silvia Manconi of the Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies (LPTHE), France, who was also not involved in the study, describes it as “interesting and stimulating”. However, she cautions that – as is often the case in science – reality is probably more complex than even advanced simulations can capture. “This is not the first time that galaxy simulations have been used to study the implications of the excess and found non-spherical shapes,” she says, though she adds that the simulations in the new work offer “significant improvements” in terms of their spatial resolution.

Manconi also notes that the study does not demonstrate how the proposed distribution of dark matter would appear in data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope’s Large Area Telescope (LAT), or how it would differ quantitatively from observations of a distribution of old stars. Forthcoming observations with radio telescopes such as MeerKat and FAST, she adds, may soon identify pulsars in this region of the galaxy, shedding further light on other possible contributions to the excess of gamma rays.

New telescopes could help settle the question

Muru acknowledges that better modelling and observations are still needed to rule out other possible hypotheses. “Studying dark matter is very difficult, because it doesn’t emit or block light, and despite decades of searching, no experiment has yet detected dark matter particles directly,” he tells Physics World. “A confirmation that this observed excess radiation is caused by dark matter annihilation through gamma rays would be a big leap forward.”

New gamma-ray telescopes with higher resolution, such as the Cherenkov Telescope Array, could help settle this question, he says. If these telescopes, which are currently under construction, fail to find star-like sources for the glow and only detect diffuse radiation, that would strengthen the alternative dark matter annihilation explanation.

Muru adds that a “smoking gun” for dark matter would be a signal that matches current theoretical predictions precisely. In the meantime, he and his colleagues plan to work on predicting where dark matter should be found in several of the dwarf galaxies that circle the Milky Way.

“It’s possible we will see the new data and confirm one theory over the other,” Silk says. “Or maybe we’ll find nothing, in which case it’ll be an even greater mystery to resolve.”

The post Flattened halo of dark matter could explain high-energy ‘glow’ at Milky Way’s heart appeared first on Physics World.

Check out some of the new images NASA missions have captured of comet 3I/ATLAS as it makes its way across the Solar System.

It is book week here at Physics World and over the course of three days we are presenting conversations with the authors of three fascinating and fun books about physics. Today, my guest is the physicist Daniel Whiteson, who along with the artist Andy Warner has created the delightful book Do Aliens Speak Physics?.

Is physics universal, or is it shaped by human perspective? This will be a very important question if and when we are visited by an advanced alien civilization. Would we recognize our visitors’ alien science – or indeed, could a technologically-advanced civilization have no science at all? And would we even be able to communicate about science with our alien guests?

Whiteson, who is a particle physicist at the University of California Irvine, tackles these profound questions and much more in this episode of the Physics World Weekly podcast.

The post Talking physics with an alien civilization: what could we learn? appeared first on Physics World.

Humanity is losing the genetic diversity that sustains life on Earth at a pace that should alarm every nation. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, about 75% of the world’s crop varieties have disappeared in the last century. According to Marie Haga, former Executive Director of the Global Crop Trust, it’s closer to […]

The post The ultimate backup: why humanity needs a lunar seed vault — now appeared first on SpaceNews.

The deal strengthens domestic access to energetics and propellants at a time of rising demand for munitions

The post Voyager Technologies acquires Estes Energetics appeared first on SpaceNews.

In this episode of Space Minds, host Mike Gruss sits down with Marshall Smith, CEO of Starlab Space for a fireside chat at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg Center, the next installment of the Center’s Discovery Series.

The post Reimagining space stations for the commercial age appeared first on SpaceNews.

The Austin-based startup will test its high-bandwidth device to help restore speech in people with extremely limited movement.

Everyone’s suddenly obsessed with the pelvic floor—physical therapists, MAHA influencers, me. Could this deeply misunderstood body part really be the seat of so much modern dysfunction?

Are you a science writer attending the 2025 World Conference of Science Journalists (WCSJ) in Pretoria, South Africa? To mark the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology, Physics World (published by the Institute of Physics) and Physics Magazine (published by the American Physical Society) are teaming up to host a special Quantum Pitch Competition for WCSJ attendees.

The two publications invite journalists to submit story ideas on any aspect of quantum science and technology. At least two selected pitches will receive paid assignments and be published in one of the magazines.

Interviews with physicists and career profiles – either in academia or industry – are especially encouraged, but the editors will also consider news stories, podcasts, visual media and other creative storytelling formats that illuminate the quantum world for diverse audiences.

Participants should submit a brief pitch (150–300 words recommended), along with a short journalist bio and a few representative clips, if available. Editors from Physics World and Physics Magazine will review all submissions and announce the winning pitches after the conference. Pitches should be submitted to physics@aps.org by 8 December 2025, with the subject line “2025WCSJ Quantum Pitch”.

Whether you’re drawn to quantum materials, computing, sensing or the people shaping the field, this is an opportunity to feature fresh voices and ideas in two leading physics publications.

The post International Quantum Year competition for science journalists begins appeared first on Physics World.