Physicists have set a new upper bound on the interaction strength of dark matter by simulating the collision of two clouds of interstellar plasma. The result, from researchers at Ruhr University Bochum in Germany, CINECA in Italy and the Instituto Superior Tecnico in Portugal, could force a rethink on theories describing this mysterious substance, which is thought to make up more than 85% of the mass in the universe.

Since dark matter has only ever been observed through its effect on gravity, we know very little about what it’s made of. Indeed, various theories predict that dark matter particles could have masses ranging from around 10⁻²² eV to around 10¹⁹ GeV — a staggering 50 orders of magnitude.

Another major unknown about dark matter is whether it interacts via forces other than gravity, either with itself or with other particles. Some physicists have hypothesized that dark matter particles might possess positive and negative “dark charges” that interact with each other via “dark electromagnetic forces”. According to this supposition, dark matter could behave like a cold plasma of self-interacting particles.

Bullet Cluster experiment

In the new study, the team searched for evidence of dark interactions in a cluster of galaxies located several billion light years from Earth. This galactic grouping is known as the Bullet Cluster, and it contains a subcluster that is moving away from the main body after passing through it at high speed.

Since the most basic model of dark-matter interactions relies on the same equations as ordinary electromagnetism, the researchers chose to simulate these interactions in the Bullet Cluster system using the same computational tools they would use to describe electromagnetic interactions in a standard plasma. They then compared their results with real observations of the Bullet Cluster galaxy.

The new work builds on a previous study in which members of the same team simulated the collision of two clouds of standard plasma passing through one another. This study found that as the clouds merged, electromagnetic instabilities developed. These instabilities had the effect of redistributing energy from the opposing flows of the clouds, slowing them down while also broadening the temperature range within them.

Ruling out many of the simplest dark matter theories

The latest study showed that, as expected, the plasma components of the subcluster and main body slowed down thanks to ordinary electromagnetic interactions. That, however, appeared to be all that happened, as the data contained no sign of additional dark interactions. While the team’s finding doesn’t rule out dark electromagnetic interactions entirely, team member Kevin Schoeffler explains that it does mean that these interactions, which are characterized by a parameter known as 𝛼𝐷, must be far weaker than their ordinary-matter counterpart. “We can thus calculate an upper limit for the strength of this interaction,” he says.

This limit, which the team calculated as 𝛼𝐷 < 4 x 10^-25 for a dark matter particle with a mass of 1 TeV, rules out many of the simplest dark matter theories and will require them to be rethought, Schoeffler says. “The calculations were made possible thanks to detailed discussions with scientists working outside of our speciality of physics, namely plasma physicists,” he tells Physics World. “Throughout this work, we had to overcome the challenge of connecting with very different fields and interacting with communities that speak an entirely different language to ours.”

As for future work, the physicists plan to compare the results of their simulations with other astronomical observations, with the aim of constraining the upper limit of the dark electromagnetic interaction even further. More advanced calculations, such as those that include finer details of the cloud models, would also help refine the limit. “These more realistic setups would include other plasma-like electromagnetic scenarios and ‘slowdown’ mechanisms, leading to potentially stronger limits,” Schoeffler says.

The present study is detailed in Physical Review D.

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Physicists have observed axion quasiparticles for the first time in a two-dimensional quantum material. As well as having applications in materials science, the discovery could aid the search for fundamental axions, which are a promising (but so far hypothetical) candidate for the unseen dark matter pervading our universe.

Theorists first proposed axions in the 1970s as a way of solving a puzzle involving the strong nuclear force and charge-parity (CP) symmetry. In systems that obey this symmetry, the laws of physics are the same for a particle and the spatial mirror image of its oppositely charged antiparticle. Weak interactions are known to violate CP symmetry, and the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) allows strong interactions to do so, too. However, no-one has ever seen evidence of this happening, and the so-called “strong CP problem” remains unresolved.

More recently, the axion has attracted attention as a potential constituent of dark matter – the mysterious substance that appears to make up more than 85% of matter in the universe. Axions are an attractive dark matter candidate because while they do have mass, and theory predicts that the Big Bang should have generated them in large numbers, they are much less massive than electrons, and they carry no charge. This combination means that axions interact only very weakly with matter and electromagnetic radiation – exactly the behaviour we expect to see from dark matter.

Despite many searches, though, axions have never been detected directly. Now, however, a team of physicists led by Jianxiang Qiu of Harvard University has proposed a new detection strategy based on quasiparticles that are axions’ condensed-matter analogue. According to Qiu and colleagues, these quasiparticle axions, as they are known, could serve as axion “simulators”, and might offer a route to detecting dark matter in quantum materials.

Topological antiferromagnet

To detect axion quasiparticles, the Harvard team constructed gated electronic devices made from several two-dimensional layers of manganese bismuth telluride (MnBi₂Te₄). This material is a rare example of a topological antiferromagnet – that is, a material that is insulating in its bulk while conducting electricity on its surface, and that has magnetic moments that point in opposite directions. These properties allow quasiparticles known as magnons (collective oscillations of spin magnetic moments) to appear in and travel through the MnBi₂Te₄. Two types of magnon mode are possible: one in which the spins oscillate in sync; and another in which they are out of phase.

Qiu and colleagues applied a static magnetic field across the plane of their MnBi₂Te₄ sheets and bombarded the devices with sub-picosecond light pulses from a laser. This technique, known as ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy, allowed them to observe the 44 GHz coherent oscillation of the so-called condensed-matter field. This field is the CP-violating term in QCD, and it is proportional to a material’s magnetoelectric coupling constant. “This is uniquely enabled by the out-of-phase magnon in this topological material,” explains Qiu. “Such coherent oscillations are the smoking-gun evidence for the axion quasiparticle and it is the combination of topology and magnetism in MnBi₂Te₄ that gives rise to it.”

A laboratory for axion studies

Now that they have detected axion quasiparticles, Qiu and colleagues say their next step will be to do experiments that involve hybridizing them with particles such as photons. Such experiments would create a new type of “axion-polariton” that would couple to a magnetic field in a unique way – something that could be useful for applications in ultrafast antiferromagnetic spintronics, in which spin-polarized currents can be controlled with an electric field.

The axion quasiparticle could also be used to build an axion dark matter detector. According to the team’s estimates, the detection frequency for the quasiparticle is in the milli-electronvolt (meV) range. While several theories for the axion predict that it could have a mass in this range, most existing laboratory detectors and astrophysical observations search for masses outside this window.

“The main technical barrier to building such a detector would be grow high-quality large crystals of MnBi₂Te₄ to maximize sensitivity,” Qiu tells Physics World. “In contrast to other high-energy experiments, such a detector would not require expensive accelerators or giant magnets, but it will require extensive materials engineering.”

The research is described in Nature.

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